Alan Rabinowitz

You were responsible for the world's first jaguar sanctuary, the Cockscomb Basin Jaguar Preserve. Why are these protected areas so critical?

I’ve learned over the years that if we want a world with animals we need to let them roam. They need a core area, a home, a protected space. In order to have a life, a space to reproduce and exist, they need a private home; a ground zero. They will have to exist in other areas, cultivated areas shared with humans, movement corridors, but these core protected areas have to exist if we are to succeed in preserving the natural world. I don’t keep count but I think it is seven protected spaces I’ve helped establish now, although I’m frustrated as there is still so much to do, and still so much work ahead to ensure the protected spaces that wildlife (and us humans) need are preserved.

What high-priority conservation challenges do you feel the natural world is facing at the moment?

The greatest conservation challenge, which I believe is holding back the preservation of the natural world right now, is perhaps a little controversial; it is a lack of partnership between conservation organisations. So often they don’t work together, they are territorial, don’t share data and don’t pool resources. These are well-meaning people working towards a common goal, but everyone is reinventing the wheel, doing the same studies. Conservation lacks funding. People are moved by messages they see in the media and maybe contribute a little, but that isn’t enough. People don’t realise how important it is and that it costs money – a lot of money. Saving a species is no small endeavour. If organisations pooled funds they would go further.

The second big challenge is that there is much rhetoric from governments, but this isn’t followed by intent or funding. Punishments for flouting conservation laws aren’t treated with enough gravity. Often there just isn’t the moral certitude to follow things through; animals have the right to exist but they are always seen as lesser beings, and this goes back to them not having a voice of their own. There isn’t enough value placed on animal lives. For example, the Government of South Africa allow the legal export of lion bones to China for the medicinal trade. [NOTE: From 2008-14, the bones of more than 4,900 African lions, from both wild and captive sources, were traded from South Africa to Laos, Vietnam, Thailand and China. An attempt to end this last year failed, with the compromise that South Africa is able to continue with its captive-lion bone trade. Source: Environmental Investigation Agency]. Fundamentally there needs to be more action behind words.

Can we as members of the public do anything that genuinely helps preserve the natural world?

It’s easy to say donate money, but in reality it is how we live our lives. Ecotourism for example has become a money-making word. You’ll find 30 jeeps surrounding one tiger; that isn’t ecotourism. People who travel should do so with really good organisations. Research and see if they give back to the landscapes they are exploiting. Make conserving the natural world an everyday choice. Buy products and research which companies are anthropic. Business reacts to consumers and will do the right thing if it is forced to. Be more cognizant about your everyday life.

You’ve written a children’s book, “A boy and a Jaguar”; how much of this is an autobiography and how can we encourage children to become conservation heroes of the future?

The future hinges on children. It’s harder to change adults, but children represent our best chance at saving the natural world if they are brought up with an in-depth awareness of and feeling that wildlife is part of our natural living system. It’s not just that wildlife has the right to exist, but that it is part of and critical to the complex system that we have evolved from. The natural world and wildlife that inhabits it is a firewall for a lot of human diseases, which we are seeing jump into the human world as the natural world degrades. Saving wild lands has to be part of what we do to keep our own species alive and well, and children can make a difference. I wrote this book (aimed at ages 4-7) which is entirely autobiographical, so they can understand it. I wanted to send the message that anyone can do this, that conservation has to become part of our mindset. Forests are given to us for free but are among the most valuable things we have.

What were the biggest challenges you faced when co-founding Panthera and how did you overcome them?

I had no desire to start a new NGO but I was getting increasingly frustrated by the bureaucratic nature of being part of a large organisation. Panthera allowed me to bring passionate people together to try and work without being embedded in bureaucracy. It is always a challenge for a new NGO to be taken seriously, although having “big-named” people helped. Perhaps our biggest challenge is to stay small and focused, to make the money count. Again, we’ve found it very hard to partner with people.

In your experience, what is the most effective approach to human-wildlife co-existence and conflict? How can they live in harmony more effectively?

This is very difficult and something I have thought about my whole career. There is no easy answer. We obviously need movement corridors, through the human landscape. We need to zone in on existing land-use practices such as plantations, where animals can’t necessarily live, but look at how they can safely move through them. It can’t come down to protected areas with people on the outside and animals on the inside. We do need to co-exist. Where we are successful at increasing numbers this can in turn increase conflict and we can’t choose one over the other. We can’t put a wild animal's rights over those of a farmer who needs to keep their livestock and families safe, so we need to look at best measures for co-existence. Where there are villages on the periphery of wild areas we can look at benefits for the children in these families; scholarships, training and employment programmes to reduce population growth pressures within small villages. We can look at ways to keep livestock safe, such as keeping water buffalo with cattle, which has been shown to reduce livestock mortality associated with big cats.

Big cats will generally avoid people – they don’t like conflict – and they want to sneak through unobserved. Cats are relatively easy compared to other species such as elephants. For example there are thousands of mountain lions living in the hills of San Francisco, areas people regularly use for leisure pursuits, yet the cats are rarely seen. They want to stay away from humans. We just need to find a way to best facilitate this in shared spaces.

Which is your favourite of the big cats and why?

Each species has its own characteristics but the one I associate with most – and have the most history with – is the jaguar, and they are still my favourite. It goes back to the young boy whispering to the jaguar at the zoo. They aren’t exhibition animals, you’ll never see them as a “circus” animal. They just want to be left alone by people, just like I did as a child. I’ve spent thousands of hours tracking jaguars with radio collars on and still not seen them. At the same time they are the only big cat to occupy 3D space. Some cats are great in water, others are great on land or at hunting in trees. Jaguars are resilient and exploit all three spaces, something no other cat does. The big cats are only part of the story though; they are the apex predators that people are willing to save but their habitat is of critical importance for so many other species of flora and fauna.

Who is your own personal Natural World Hero and why?

I was lucky to have an amazing mentor in Dr George Schaller, one of the last living truly great field naturalists. He saw my potential and became my mentor. As a child I didn’t really have any heroes, I had more of a dislike of the human world but I always had admiration for Albert Einstein. As a child he was also labelled as dumb yet he was the person who opened up the world and how we view it. I admire his thinking and see a lot of truth in it. He said the only thing holding back science is scientists, people thinking in a box yet all things are possible with new thinking and creativity.

What is your dream natural world destination that you haven’t visited yet but would like to?

A place that fascinates me is Tasmania. I like to think that maybe, just maybe, there is a pocket deep within this large island, that is still vastly natural space, that the thylacine, more commonly known as the Tasmanian tiger, might still exist. The Tasmanian devil, although endangered, is still found in the wild so it isn’t inconceivable that the thylacine, last seen in the wild in 1930, might just still exist somewhere in Tasmania. [NOTE: Thought to be the thylacine’s closest living relative, it is estimated that there are 10,000 to 25,000 mature Tasmanian devils left in the wild].